Mangrove ecosystems act as natural filters for coastal cities, yet their proximity to harbors and tourism can expose them to heavy‑metal pollution. This study measured lead (Pb) in water and sediments at three stations in the Angke Kapuk Protected Forest (AKPF), Jakarta Bay, and evaluated status against Indonesian water‑quality standards (Government Regulation No. 22/2021) and international sediment criteria (ANZECC/ARMCANZ; CCME).

Water samples—collected twice in August 2023—showed Pb concentrations exceeding the national threshold for marine tourism waters at some sites, particularly near the tourist pier. In contrast, sediment Pb levels remained below international guideline limits, with the highest values observed at the inner station where calmer currents favor deposition. The spatial pattern links elevated water‑column Pb to boat traffic and maintenance activities, while variations in sediment relate to hydrodynamics and nearby settlements. Species composition and canopy closure of mangroves modulate retention, suggesting a role for phytoremediation.

Policy recommendations include targeted controls around docks (fuel handling, waste reception facilities), routine monitoring during peak visitation, and mangrove restoration with species known to retain metals effectively. The results provide evidence to balance ecotourism development with environmental safeguards. By addressing pollution at the land–sea interface, the work advances SDG 14 (healthier coastal ecosystems), supports SDG 11 (urban environmental quality), and contributes to SDG 15 (nature‑based solutions in mangrove forests).

Credits

Universitas Padjadjaran authors: Yuli Andriani; Mochamad Candra Wirawan Arief; Zahidah

Collaborating authors and institutions: Asrina Desy Permata Fitri

Affiliations: Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia; Fisheries Program Study, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia

Hashtags: #UnpadResearch #SDG14 #Mangroves #HeavyMetals #JakartaBay #Pb

Publication Link: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/185542